The Relationship of Anatomical Localizations of Hiatal Clamp and Oesophagogastric Junction with Body Mass Index / Relación entre las Localizaciones Anatómicas de la Pinza Hiatal y la Unión Esofagogástrica con el Índice de Masa Corporal

SUMMARY: In our study, we aimed to reveal the relationship between the anatomical localizations measured and the Body Mass Index (BMI) in patients scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In this study, anatomical localizations of the hiatal clamp and oesophagogastric junction in 189 female and 137 male patients who applied to the hospital with different gastrointestinal system complaints and underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were investigated depending on BMI. In addition, the data were compared with the patients' complaints before EGD and the diagnoses they received after EGD. SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM Corp. Turkey) program was used for statistical analysis and p0.05). On the other hand, it was determined that the hiatal clamp distance and the distance of the oesophagogastric junction increased as the height and weight increased (p38. As a result of the study, it can be said that BMI values, hiatal clamp distance and oesophagogastric junction localizations may change in relation to height and weight.

En este estudio, buscamos revelar la relación entre las localizaciones anatómicas y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en pacientes programados para endoscopía digestiva alta. Se investigaron las localizaciones anatómicas de la pinza hiatal y la unión esofagogástrica en 189 mujeres y 137 hombres que acudieron al hospital con diferentes problemas del sistema gastrointestinal los cuales fueron sometetidos a una esofagogastro- duodenoscopia (EGD) dependiendo del IMC. Además, los datos se compararon con las quejas de los pacientes antes de la EGD y los diagnósticos que recibieron después de la EGD. Se utilizó el programa SPSS Statistics 22 (IBM Corp. Turquía) para el análisis estadístico y el valor de p0,05). Por otro lado, se determinó que la distancia de la pinza hiatal y la unión esofagogástrica aumentaba con la altura y el peso corporal (p38. Como resultado del estudio, se puede decir que los valores de IMC, la distancia de pinzamiento hiatal y las localizaciones de la unión esofagogástrica pueden cambiar en relación con la altura y el peso.

Attitudes of Turkish university employees and their relatives towards whole body and organ donation.

BACKGROUND: Dissection of human anatomic specimens still keeps its importance in medical curriculum. Experiences of medical students in the anatomy laboratory and the time they spent there makes them feel as doctors at the beginning of their education and helps them to get used to the notion of death. Unfortunately, the number of human body donors available for medical research and education as well as organ transplantation is limited. Obtaining human anatomic specimens continues being a great problem especially in middle-east countries. Religious factors, socioeconomic status, education, marital status or age are probably the main factors those effect body donations. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the attitudes of Turkish university employees and their relatives towards whole body donation and organ donation. METHODS: A total of 780 questionnaires taken from the participants were evaluated. All the participants were academic and administrative staff from four different universities based in Ankara, Eskisehir, Istanbul and Adana and their relatives. Participants were between the ages of 18-85. All the subjects were provided a questionnaire composed of 38 questions. FINDINGS: 26.2% of the individuals declared that they could donate their body for medical education while 73.8% of them did not. In contrast, 69.1% of the participants were willing for being organ donors. Of the ones who had accepted to donate their organs, 64.5% refused to donate their bodies. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that not only whole body donation, but also organ donation continue being a problem in Turkey.

Upper and lower lip soft tissue thicknesses differ in relation to age and sex / Grosores de los tejidos blandos de los labios superior e inferior difieren en relación con la edad y el sexo

This study was performed to determine age- and sex-related differences in lip thickness. Lateral cephalometric images of 220 healthy individuals were taken and the thicknesses of the upper and lower lips were measured. The measurements were performed in three different age groups. Our results indicate that the lower lip thickness, as well as the distance between the most anterior point of contact between the upper and lower lips and the most protruding point of the upper incisor teeth, differed between the two sexes. The lips of males were thicker than those of females. Receiver operating curve analysis was performed to determine the cutoff values to differentiate thickness between males and females. Our results showed that knowledge of upper and lower lips thickness in relation to age and sex may be beneficial to forensic anthropologists, to plastic and reconstructive surgeons, and to orthodontists for more detailed examination, effective treatment, and optimised outcomes.

Este estudio se realizó para determinar las diferencias en el grosor de los labios relacionadas con la edad y el sexo. Se tomaron imágenes cefalométricas laterales de 220 individuos sanos y se midió el grosor de los labios superior e inferior. Las mediciones se realizaron en tres grupos de edades diferentes. Nuestros resultados indicaron que el grosor del labio inferior, así como la distancia entre el punto más anterior de contacto, entre los labios superior e inferior y el punto más sobresaliente de los dientes incisivos superiores, difieren entre los dos sexos. Los labios de los hombres eran más gruesos que los de las mujeres. Se realizó un análisis de la curva de operación del receptor para determinar los valores de corte para diferenciar el espesor entre hombres y mujeres. Nuestros resultados demostraron que el conocimiento del grosor de los labios, superior e inferior, en relación con la edad y el sexo puede ser beneficioso para los antropólogos forenses, cirujanos plásticos y reconstructivos y para los ortodoncistas al momento de realizar un examen detallado, e implemantar un tratamiento más eficaz, alcanzando resultados optimizados.

Localization of the carotid bifurcation according to hyoid bone and mandibular angle / Localización de la bifurcación carotídea según el hueso hióides y el ángulo mandibular

The aim of this study was to determine the carotid bifurcation level in relation with the hyoid bone and mandibular angle. Common carotid artery is the largest artery in the neck, and it gives off two terminal branches, namely external and internal carotid arteries. The bifurcation level of it shows variations, however it is usually situated at the level of C4 vertebra or at the upper border of thyroid cartilage. On the other hand, carotid bifurcation may be situated as low as T3 vertebra, or as high as the level of hyoid bone. In this study, conventional angiographic images of 112 patients were used. The distances of carotid bifurcation to hyoid bone and mandibular angle were measured on those images. In addition, right and left side difference was determined. The distance of carotid bifurcation level to the mandibular angle was measured as 21.26 ± 8.57 mm on the right and 20.25 ± 8.75 mm on the left side in males, and 19.72 ± 8.89 on the right, and 18.5 ± 9.25 mm on the left side in females. Distance between the carotid bifurcation level and hyoid bone ranged 1.94 ± 12.69 mm in female and 3.04 ± 9.00 mm in male on the left side. Having information about the level of carotid bifurcation is important in surgical and radiological procedures for determining the appropriate surgical procedure, and to prevent complications. We believe that the results of this study will shed light to planning of all interventions concerning common carotid artery.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de bifurcación carotídea en relación con el hueso hioides y el ángulo de la mandíbula. La arteria carótida común es la arteria más grande del cuello, y tiene dos ramas terminales, las arterias carótidas externa e internas. El nivel de bifurcación muestra variaciones, sin embargo suele situarse a nivel de la cuarta vértebra cervical o en el margen superior del cartílago tiroideo. Por otro lado, la bifurcación carotídea puede estar situada tan baja como a nivel de la tercera vértebra torácica, o tan alta como a nivel del hueso hioides. En este estudio se utilizaron imágenes angiográficas convencionales de 112 pacientes. Se midieron las distancias de la bifurcación carotídea con el hueso hioides y el ángulo de la mandíbula en esas imágenes. Además, se determinó la diferencia entre los lados derecho e izquierdo. La distancia entre el nivel de bifurcación carotídea y el ángulo de la mandíbula se midió, siendo de 21,26 ± 8,57 mm a la derecha y 20,25 ± 8,75 mm en el lado izquierdo, en los hombres, y 19,72 ± 8,89 a la derecha y 18,5 ± 9,25 mm a la izquierda en mujeres. La distancia entre el nivel de bifurcación de la carótida y el hueso hioides osciló entre 1,94 ± 12,69 mm en mujeres y, 3,04 ± 9,00 mm en hombres, en el lado izquierdo. La información sobre el nivel de bifurcación carotídea es importante en los procedimientos quirúrgicos y radiológicos para determinar el procedimiento quirúrgico apropiado y prevenir complicaciones. Creemos que los resultados de este estudio arrojarán luz a la planificación de las intervenciones relacionadas con la arteria carótida común.

Perception of Symmetry in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty Patients: Anthropometric, Demographic, and Psychological Analysis.

Visual perception of symmetry is a major determinant of satisfaction after aesthetic rhinoplasty. In this study, we sought to investigate the existence of any relationship between anthropometric characteristics of the face and visual perceptions of asymmetry among rhinoplasty patients and to evaluate tools that can shed light on patients who appear at high risk for exaggerating potential asymmetries. In the first part, 168 rhinoplasty patients were asked to fill out the demographic questionnaire, nasal shape evaluation scale, and the somatosensory amplification scale. In the second part, we examined the relationship between anthropometric characteristics of the face and visual perceptions of asymmetry using standardized photographs of 100 medical students. In the third part, patients answered the rhinoplasty outcome evaluation questionnaire 6 months after the surgery. Objectively, no symmetrical face was observed in the anthropometric evaluation. Subjectively, only 73% and 54% of the faces were considered asymmetrical by the rhinoplasty and the control groups, respectively. The rate of asymmetry perception was significantly greater in revision patients when compared with primary rhinoplasty patients. The relationship between the rate of subjective perception of asymmetry and the somatosensory amplification scale scores was statistically significant. We found a significant inverse relationship between the rate of asymmetry perception and the rhinoplasty outcome evaluation scores. Plastic surgeons should be aware of this high selectivity in asymmetry perception, which is associated with poor postoperative satisfaction. Somatosensory amplification scale may help identify rhinoplasty patients at a high risk for exaggerating potential asymmetries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Sex differences in fingerprint ridge density in a Turkish young adult population: a sample of Baskent University.

Fingerprints are considered to be one of the most reliable methods of identification. Identification of an individual plays a vital part of any medico-legal investigations. Dermatoglyphics is a branch of science that studies epidermal ridges and ridge patterns. Epidermal ridges are polygenic characteristics that form intrauterine 10-18 weeks and considered fully developed by the sixth month of fetal growth. Fingerprints are permanent morphological characteristics and criminal detection based on fingerprints is based on the principle that no two people can have identical fingerprints. Sex determination from fingerprints has been examined in different population. In this study we aimed to study fingerprint ridge density in Turkish population sample of Baskent University students. Fingerprints were obtained from 118 women, 88 men a total of 206 students aged between 17 and 28 years old by means of simple inking method. Fingerprints from all right and left hands fingers were collected in three different area of each. The ridges on fingerprints were counted diagonally on squares measuring 5 mm × 5 mm on radial, ulnar and inferior areas. The fingerprint ridge density in radial, ulnar and inferior areas and between sexes was compared statistically Mann Whitney U test and Friedman test. The ridge density was significantly greater in women in every region studied and in all fingers when compared to men. The fingerprint ridge density in the ulnar and radial areas of the fingerprints was significantly greater than the lower area. Fingerprint ridge density can be used by medico-legal examination for sex identification.

Anatomic variations of the celiac trunk and hepatic arterial system with digital subtraction angiography.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Anatomical variation of the abdominal arteries is important. Historic and modern anatomists, radiologists, as well as surgeons have reported and accumulated anatomical variations with a morphological and clinical interest. During graft procurement and reconstruction, accidental injury of the hepatic artery is more likely in the presence of hepatic arterial variation, which can be a common clinical entity. During cadaveric dissection and diagnostic radiological imaging, various types of vascular anomalies are frequently found in human abdominal viscera, especially the celiac trunk. The aim of the present study is to determine anatomical variations in the celiac trunk and hepatic arterial system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital subtraction angiography data were collected from 152 consecutive donor patients (103 males and 49 females, aged between 6 and 77 years) who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. RESULTS: We examined the anatomy of the celiac trunk in a total of 152 consecutive patients. In total, 62.5% (95/152) of patients showed the classical trifurcation of the celiac trunk. Variant right hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric artery were observed in 17.8% (27/152), the hepatic arteries arising from the left gastric artery were found in 13.1% (20/152), and common hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric artery were observed in 6.6% (10/152) of patients. CONCLUSION: These data are useful for planning and performing surgical and radiological procedures of the upper abdomen.

The Relationship between Balance, Muscles, and Anthropomorphic Features in Young Adults.

Posture can be defined as the form of the body when sitting, walking, or standing. There would be no problem if muscles interact in harmony with musculoskeletal system or nervous system. Posture analysis is crucial for clinical assessments in physical medicine and rehabilitation. However, studies into this issue are limited. In this study, the relationship between static standing balance and anthropomorphic features in healthy subjects was investigated. The study was carried out with a total of 240 students at Baskent University (116 females, 124 males) aged between 18 and 25 years. Type of balance of the subjects was determined with lateral posture analysis. Additionally, muscle shortness tests, subcutaneous fat thickness, and waist and thigh circumference were measured. As the results of lateral posture analysis, 107 subjects (71 males, 36 females) were detected to have anterior balance, 89 (41 males, 48 females) posterior balance, and 44 (12 males, 32 girls) neutral balance. Values of waist circumference, thigh circumference, and waist/thigh ratio were compared with all three balance types. A statistically significant difference was detected between these values in the subjects who had anterior balance (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a significant relationship was detected between muscle shortness, waist and thigh circumferences, and postural balance type.

Facial soft tissue thickness in individuals with different occlusion patterns in adult Turkish subjects.

Knowledge of variation in facial soft tissue thickness is important for forensic anthropologists, dentists, and plastic surgeons. Forensic anthropologists use such information as a guide in facial reconstruction and superimposition methods. The purpose of this study was to measure facial tissue thicknesses of adult males and females of Turkish origin across different types of occlusion, and to compare the results with each other and with values obtained for other populations. The study was conducted on 200 healthy individuals. The analysis of facial tissue thickness included 20 landmarks (10 dentoskeletal and 10 soft tissue) and 10 linear variables. Sex-based variation in facial tissue thickness was noted. The highest soft tissue thickness values were observed in the group with Class III occlusion type at Sn-A point for both the females (16.9, SD=2.4) and the males (17.8, SD=3.3). In the Class I group, the highest tissue depth was observed at Sn-A point (15.3, SD=2.1) in females, and at Li-Id point (17.1, SD=1.9) in males. In the Class II group, contrary to the findings for Class I, the highest soft tissue depth was at Li-Id point (16.0, SD=1.4) in females, and at Sn-A point (18.1, SD=2.6) in males. In conclusion, facial tissue thickness varied in adults depending on the sex and on the type of occlusion.

Stereological evaluation of temporal lobe/telencephalon volume in temporal lobe epilepsy using the Cavalieri principle.

AIM: Epilepsy is a temporary electric discharge in the brain cells due to shortterm brain function disorder. Epileptic seizures mostly stem from the temporal lobe. The prevalence is the same for women and men. It is thought that there are both microscopic- and macroscopic-level localized changes in the temporal lobe epilepsy. This study aims to assess the volumetric changes that might occur in temporal lobe epilepsy and compare these with normal brains. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Volumetric assessment of temporal lobes and telencephalons was performed using the stereological method on the magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 30 female temporal lobe epilepsy patients and 30 healthy females (control group). The volume ratio of temporal lobe to the whole telencephalon was calculated by means of the Cavalieri principle over the coronal MR images of all participants. The section images were transformed into a series of images by Image j program and the measurements were performed by using a point grid. RESULTS: The patient group's temporal lobe/telencephalon volumetric ratios were found to be significantly lower than that of the normal participants. CONCLUSION: The pattern of temporal lobe volume decrease in TLE may be due to a combined effect of the electrical discharges during seizures and secondary damage due to disconnection.

Measurement of tympanic cavity volume by the Cavalieri principle in Turkish population.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to measure the tympanic cavity (TC) volumes with Cavalieri principle using computed tomography (CT) scanning of temporal bones, to investigate the difference between the right and the left ears with respect to sexes and to exemplify the TC volume measurements. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical records of 91 patients (46 females 45 males; mean age 48.1 years; range 15 to 60 years) whose TCs were measured at ear nose throat clinic of Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital between January 2007 and March 2008, were retrospectively investigated. The CT scans which were obtained from two sides with a slice thickness of 1 mm were evaluated. Measurements of TC volumes were made with using the Cavalieri method. RESULTS: The mean TC volume in male subjects was 0.4721+/-0.0406 cm(3) on the left ears and 0.4883+/-0.0352 cm(3) on the right ears. In females the mean cavity volume was 0.4943+/-0.0501 cm(3) on the left ears and 0.4881+/-0.0485 cm(3) on the right ears. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically difference in between of the both sexes for the TC volume measurements and between both sites of the same individuals.

Body height estimation from head and face dimensions: a different method.

As there are cases brought for forensic examination where only the craniofacial region is available, estimation of stature from craniofacial dimensions is without doubt important in forensic cases. The study presented here attempts to estimate stature from craniofacial dimensions in the Turkish population. In the second phase of the study, the correlations between craniofacial dimensions and stature were also evaluated according to different head and face types. All measurements were taken from 286 healthy males with a mean age of 22.71 ± 4.86 years. The sample was then reclassified according to different head and face indexes. For the whole sample, correlation coefficients were low, changing only between 0.012 and 0.229. Thus, no significant increase in correlation coefficients was observed after the samples had been reevaluated according to different head and face types. As a conclusion, craniofacial dimensions are not good predictors for body height for the Turkish population.

Anthropometric characteristics of young Turkish male athletes.

Comparative reports on the anthropometric characteristics of athletes are certainly important in modern sports and have long been studied by sports scientists. Studies on Turkish athletes however, are limited. In the present study physical characteristics of athletes active in various sports (American football, basketball, volleyball and football) were observed and compared to each other and to those of non-athlete individuals. 153 volunteer male subjects participated in the study. All of the athletes were licensed members of teams in inter-university leagues. All subjects were given information about the objectives of the study and were advised of the manner with which the anthropometric measurements would be obtained. In addition to 17 anthropometric values, body mass index (BMI) and somatotype components were calculated and evaluated. Length, breadth, and girth values were evaluated by ANCOVA and height and weight were used as co-variate factors. The other variables were evaluated by metric and non-metric ANOVA. The results of the study indicate that basketball and volleyball players were characteristic with their longer lower limb length; American football players were with their wider biiliac breadth and higher girth values; and football players with their small structure. It was also observed that Turkish athletes have higher endomorphy and lower mesomorphy values when compared to athletes from other countries.

Anatomical, radiological and histological investigation of the great and small saphenous veins.

OBJECTIVE: To provide information on superficial veins of the lower limb such as anatomic variations, valve distribution, termination forms, and histological properties of vein walls. METHODS: Two hundred greater saphenous veins in 200 patients and 10 cadavers were investigated. Ultrasound examinations were performed in the Department of Radiology, Ataturk Hospital between December 2004 and October 2005. RESULTS: The lateral accessory branch of the great saphenous vein was found in 75 persons while in 48 persons no major branch was encountered. In addition, medial accessory branch of the great saphenous vein was observed in 17 (8.5%) on both sides. The popliteal type of termination was found in 211 cases. The small saphenous vein gave off perforating branches to the popliteal vein in 29 persons. The diameters of such veins were all measured on both sides of the cadavers and ultrasonographically on patients. Statistical analyses revealed no significant difference. One hundred and fifty-six valves were classified according to their position and type. The maximum number of valves was found in the first interval and the minimum number was in the second interval. The valves were mostly in Type III format. CONCLUSION: Knowledge on the anatomic variations and characteristics of the valves of the superficial veins of the lower limbs can be helpful in clinical practice and surgical operations concerning the lower extremity.

Morphometric study of a horseshoe kidney.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a horseshoe kidney, a congenital anomaly of the upper urinary tract. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A case study of horseshoe kidney harvested from a 62-year-old cadaver at Gazi University Medical School is presented. RESULTS: The right and left kidneys were fused at their lower poles by a parenchymal isthmus located ventral to the abdominal aorta and formed a U-shape with two unequal arms. The isthmus of the ectopic kidney was placed obliquely to the left at the level of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebra. The left kidney was larger and longer than the right one. The kidneys were supplied by three renal arteries arising from the abdominal aorta. Two arteries on the right side supplied blood of the two kidneys, while the third artery that directly originated from the aorta, above the origin of inferior mesenteric artery, supplied the isthmus. Venous drainage of the both kidneys and the isthmus were drained by three veins that opened independently into the inferior vena cava. The right ureter was duplicated in origin. CONCLUSION: This report shows that knowledge of anomalies such as this is very important in planning and conducting surgical procedures.

Rare variation of the celiac trunk and related review.

In this study, we report a rare variation of the branching of the celiac trunk. During a routine abdominal dissection on a female cadaver, we found the celiac trunk to emerge from the abdominal aorta as 2 roots named hepatogastric trunk and hepatosplenic trunk. The hepatogastric trunk arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta and divides into an aberrant branch to the right lobe of the liver, a branch to the right hemi diaphragm, the left hepatic and the left gastric arteries. The hepatosplenic trunk, which arises 1.5 cm below the hepatogastric trunk, gave off the common hepatic and splenic arteries. The common hepatic artery divided into the gastroduodenal, the right branch to the hepatic and the cystic arteries. It is important to know the variations of hepatogastric trunk and hepatosplenic trunk for the success of surgical operations to the liver and radiological investigations of those regions.